MySQL IN
IN
operator to determine if a specified value matches any value in a list of values.Introduction to the MySQL IN operator
The IN
operator allows you to determine if a value matches any value in a list of values. Here’s the syntax of the IN
operator:
value IN (value1, value2, value3,...)
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)
The IN
operator returns 1 (true) if the value
equals any value in the list (value1
, value2
, value3
,…). Otherwise, it returns 0.
In this syntax:
- First, specify the value to test on the left side of the
IN
operator. The value can be a column or an expression. - Second, specify a comma-separated list of values to match in the parentheses.
The IN
operator is functionally equivalent to the combination of multiple OR
operators:
value = value1 OR value = value2 OR value = value3 OR ...
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)
The following example returns 1 because 1 is in the list:
SELECT 1 IN (1,2,3);
+--------------+
| 1 IN (1,2,3) |
+--------------+
| 1 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Code language: plaintext (plaintext)
The following example returns 0 because 4 is not in the list:
SELECT 4 IN (1,2,3);
+--------------+
| 4 IN (1,2,3) |
+--------------+
| 0 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Code language: plaintext (plaintext)
In practice, you’ll use the IN
operator to form conditions in a WHERE
clause of the SELECT
, DELETE
, and UPDATE
statements. Also, you’ll use the IN
operator in a query that contains a subquery.
MySQL IN operator and NULL
Generally, the IN
operator returns NULL
in two cases:
- The
value
on the left side of the operator is NULL. - The value doesn’t equal any value in the list and one of values in the list is NULL.
The following example returns NULL because the value of the left side of the IN operator is NULL:
SELECT NULL IN (1,2,3);
Code language: PHP (php)
+-----------------+
| NULL IN (1,2,3) |
+-----------------+
| NULL |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Code language: plaintext (plaintext)
The following example also returns NULL because the 0 is not equal to any value in the list and the list has one NULL:
SELECT 0 IN (1 , 2, 3, NULL);
Code language: PHP (php)
+-----------------------+
| 0 IN (1 , 2, 3, NULL) |
+-----------------------+
| NULL |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Code language: plaintext (plaintext)
The following example also returns NULL because NULL is not equal to any value in the list and the list has one NULL. Note that NULL is not equal to NULL.
SELECT NULL IN (1 , 2, 3, NULL);
Code language: PHP (php)
MySQL IN operator examples
See the following offices
table from the sample database:
The following example uses the IN
operator to find the offices located in the USA and France:
SELECT
officeCode,
city,
phone,
country
FROM
offices
WHERE
country IN ('USA' , 'France');
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)
+------------+---------------+-----------------+---------+
| officeCode | city | phone | country |
+------------+---------------+-----------------+---------+
| 1 | San Francisco | +1 650 219 4782 | USA |
| 2 | Boston | +1 215 837 0825 | USA |
| 3 | NYC | +1 212 555 3000 | USA |
| 4 | Paris | +33 14 723 4404 | France |
+------------+---------------+-----------------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
Code language: plaintext (plaintext)
You can also get the same result with the OR
operator like this:
SELECT
officeCode,
city,
phone
FROM
offices
WHERE
country = 'USA' OR country = 'France';
Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)
In case the list has many values, you need to construct a very long statement with multiple OR
operators. Hence, the IN
operator allows you to shorten the query and make it more readable.
Summary
- Use the
IN
operator to check if a value is in a set of values. - Use the
IN
operator to form a condition for theWHERE
clause.